Queda inaugurado el blog con esta entrada que no sirve para nada, pero por algo hay que empezar.
lunes, 30 de marzo de 2020
domingo, 29 de marzo de 2020
TEMA 1 - PRESENT SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS, STATE VERBS, PREPOSITIONS OF TIME AND PLACE, QUANTIFIERS AND COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS.
Empezamos con el primer tiempo verbal: el presente simple. Recordad sus usos:
El segundo tiempo verbal es el presente continuo. Recordad sus usos:
1. Cuckoos (not build) nests. They (use) the nests of other birds.
2. You can't see Tom now: he (have) a bath.
3. He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea.
4. What she (do) in the evenings?
She usually (play) cards or (watch) TV.
5. I won't go out now as it (rain) and I (not have) an umbrella.
6. The last train (leave) the station at 11.30.
7. He usually (speak) so quickly that I (not understand) him.
8. Ann (make) a dress for herself at the moment. She (make) all her own clothes.
9. Hardly anyone (wear) a hat nowadays.
10. How you (get) to work as a rule?
I usually (go) by bus but tomorrow I (go) in Tom's car.
11. Why you (put) on your coat?
I (go) for a walk. You (come) with me?
12. Mary usually (learn) languages very quickly but she (not seem) able to learn modern Greek.
13. You (like) this necklace? I (give) it to my daughter for her birthday tomorrow.
14. You (love) him?
No, I (like) him very much but I (not love) him.
15. These workmen are never satisfied; they always (complain).
16. We (use) this room today because the window in the other room is broken.
17. He always (say) that he will mend the window but he never (do) it.
18. You (write) to him tonight?
Yes, I always (write) to him on his birthday. You (want) to send any message?
19. Tom and Mr Pitt (have) a long conversation. I (wonder) what they (talk) about.
20. You (believe) all that the newspapers say?
No, I (not believe) any of it.
Then why you (red) newspapers?
21. This car (make) a very strange noise. You (think) it is all right?
Oh, that noise (not matter). It always (make) a noise like that.
22. What this one (cost)?
It (cost) forty pence.
23. You (hear) the wind? It (blow) very strongly tonight.
24. He never (listen) to what you say. He always (think) about something else.
25. When the curtains (rise) we (see) a group of workers. They (picket) a factory gate.
26. Why you (walk) so fast today? You usually (walk) quite slowly.
I (hurry) because I (meet) my mother at 4 o'clock and she (not like) to be kept waiting.
27. Look at that crowd. I (wonder) what they (wait) for.
28. It (save) time if you (take) the path through the wood?
No, it (matter) which path you take.
29. I (save) up because I (go) abroad in July.
30. Tom never (do) any work in the garden; he always (work) on his car.
31. What he (do) to his car now?
I (think) he (polish) it.
32. That film (come) to the local cinema next week. You (want) to see it?
33. How Peter (get) on at school?
Very well. He (seem) to like the life.
34. What the word 'catastrophe' (mean)?
It (mean) disaster.
35. You (mind) is I (ask) you a question?
That (depend) on the question.
It (concern) your brother.
I (refuse) to answer any question about my brother.
[No dejéis de echarle un vistazo a la lista de 'state verbs' que tenéis en el libro de B1]
Pasamos a los cuantificadores. Aquí tenéis un esquema muy básico:
Ahora ya podéis pinchar aquí y hacer este ejercicio sobre cuantificadores.
¿Os parece bien como primera entrada de gramática?
Pues vamos a por el tema 2.
El segundo tiempo verbal es el presente continuo. Recordad sus usos:
(No dejaré de repetiros que el primer problema que debéis solventar con el inglés es el del uso de estos dos tiempos verbales. Recordad que los dos sitios donde podéis fallar con el presente simple es en la colocación de la -s en la tercera persona del singular en las frases afirmativas y en la colocación de los auxiliares -do y does- en las negativas y en las interrogativas; y con el presente continuo no dejéis de poner el verbo 'to be' además del verbo principal en -ing)
Para entrenar con esto por penúltima vez, aquí tenéis una serie de frases para que pongáis los verbos en los correspondientes tiempos verbales:
1. Cuckoos (not build) nests. They (use) the nests of other birds.
2. You can't see Tom now: he (have) a bath.
3. He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea.
4. What she (do) in the evenings?
She usually (play) cards or (watch) TV.
5. I won't go out now as it (rain) and I (not have) an umbrella.
6. The last train (leave) the station at 11.30.
7. He usually (speak) so quickly that I (not understand) him.
8. Ann (make) a dress for herself at the moment. She (make) all her own clothes.
9. Hardly anyone (wear) a hat nowadays.
10. How you (get) to work as a rule?
I usually (go) by bus but tomorrow I (go) in Tom's car.
11. Why you (put) on your coat?
I (go) for a walk. You (come) with me?
12. Mary usually (learn) languages very quickly but she (not seem) able to learn modern Greek.
13. You (like) this necklace? I (give) it to my daughter for her birthday tomorrow.
14. You (love) him?
No, I (like) him very much but I (not love) him.
15. These workmen are never satisfied; they always (complain).
16. We (use) this room today because the window in the other room is broken.
17. He always (say) that he will mend the window but he never (do) it.
18. You (write) to him tonight?
Yes, I always (write) to him on his birthday. You (want) to send any message?
19. Tom and Mr Pitt (have) a long conversation. I (wonder) what they (talk) about.
20. You (believe) all that the newspapers say?
No, I (not believe) any of it.
Then why you (red) newspapers?
21. This car (make) a very strange noise. You (think) it is all right?
Oh, that noise (not matter). It always (make) a noise like that.
22. What this one (cost)?
It (cost) forty pence.
23. You (hear) the wind? It (blow) very strongly tonight.
24. He never (listen) to what you say. He always (think) about something else.
25. When the curtains (rise) we (see) a group of workers. They (picket) a factory gate.
26. Why you (walk) so fast today? You usually (walk) quite slowly.
I (hurry) because I (meet) my mother at 4 o'clock and she (not like) to be kept waiting.
27. Look at that crowd. I (wonder) what they (wait) for.
28. It (save) time if you (take) the path through the wood?
No, it (matter) which path you take.
29. I (save) up because I (go) abroad in July.
30. Tom never (do) any work in the garden; he always (work) on his car.
31. What he (do) to his car now?
I (think) he (polish) it.
32. That film (come) to the local cinema next week. You (want) to see it?
33. How Peter (get) on at school?
Very well. He (seem) to like the life.
34. What the word 'catastrophe' (mean)?
It (mean) disaster.
35. You (mind) is I (ask) you a question?
That (depend) on the question.
It (concern) your brother.
I (refuse) to answer any question about my brother.
Puede que en alguna frase hayáis tenido dificultades al encontraros con cierta clase de verbos que se conocen como 'state verbs'. No olvidéis que los 'state verbs' son aquellos verbos que describen estados, no acciones, y que no se suelen utilizar en tiempos continuos (a no ser que se utilicen cuando sí describen una acción, como puede ocurrir con think, see, be...)
[No dejéis de echarle un vistazo a la lista de 'state verbs' que tenéis en el libro de B1]
Lo siguiente que tenéis que repasar son las preposiciones de tiempo y de lugar que tenéis en el Tema 1 del libro de B1.
Preposiciones de tiempo
At: usamos la preposición at para indicar puntos temporales concretos, momentos en particular. Por ejemplo, las horas del día: I play football at five o’clock. I start school at nine. Además de las horas del día, usamos at para indicar momentos precisos de una jornada, como la hora de comer, at lunchtime, at breakfast, en el desayuno. También usamos at para expresiones como At Christmas (en navidad), at the weekend (en el fin de semana) o at the moment (ahora mismo, por el momento). Un último ejemplo con el que muchos alumnos suelen fallar es at night (decimos In the morning, in the evening pero at night).
On: usamos la preposición on para días concretos. Por ejemplo, On Mondays, on Saturday, on Christmas (el día de navidad, 25), on my birthday (el día de mi cumpleaños), on 25th July (el veinticinco de Julio), o con expresiones como on the first day of the trip (el primer día del viaje).
In: si usamos at para momentos particulares, y on para días en concreto, when do we use in? In se utiliza cuando el punto temporal no es concreto, o tiene una duración indefinida, no constante. Por ejemplo, usamos in con los meses del año (pues si decimos en Julio no sabemos a qué día hacemos referencia), in July, in August, in December. También con los años, in 1999, in 2001, así como con expresiones que designan momentos o fracciones de un día, in the morning (la mañana), in the afternoon, in the evening. También para estaciones: in winter, in summer, y para in the holidays (puesto que las vacaciones pueden durar más o menos, we don’t know!).
Preposiciones de lugar
At: usamos at cuando intentamos dar un punto espacial concreto o una coordenada, es decir, cuando indicamos la posición de un objeto o persona. Where are you? I’m at the bus stop (estoy en la parada del bus). My father is at work (está en el trabajo, en el lugar de trabajo), the children study at school (en el colegio), at university, at home (en casa), etc.
On: usamos on para 1) superficies, tanto verticales como horizontales. On the wall (en la pared), on the table (en la mesa), on the chair, on the roof (en el tejado), on the floor (en el suelo), on the screen (en una pantalla). También para hablar de las distintas plantas de un edificio, pues no dejan de ser superficies: on the first floor, on the second floor, etc. Por otro lado, también usamos la preposición on para 2) todo tipo de tecnología. Siempre que hablemos de algún gadget tecnológico o medio de telecomunicación usamos la preposición on: we speak on the phone, we play on the computer, on the tablet, on your smartphone, on the radio, on television. Por último, se utiliza la preposición on para 3) líneas o bordes, como por ejemplo una línea fronteriza (on the borderline) la costa (on the coast) o una carretera o calle: I live on Santomera Street, we drive on a road, etc. Como excepción final, decimos on the beach.
In: por último, usamos in para referirnos a un espacio cerrado o delimitado, cuando el objeto o persona se encuentran dentro de ese espacio. Por ejemplo, I work in an academy (dentro de la academia), you sleep in your room (en tu habitación), we play in the park (el parque, aunque sea un espacio abierto, lo entendemos como separado e independiente). Igual ocurre con las fronteras (espacios teóricos e invisibles), we live in Spain, in Ireland, in Murcia, Barcelona, etc. Para lecturas, también decimos in the book, in the paper (en el trabajo/ensayo), in the newspaper (en el periódico).
Repasad las preposiciones y después pincháis aquí. Ahí tenéis una página de ejercicios de preposiciones; cuando lleguéis al final, tenéis doce páginas más de ejercicios que podéis ir corrigiendo vosotras mismas.
Pasamos a los cuantificadores. Aquí tenéis un esquema muy básico:
(recordad siempre que en el libro tenéis algo más de información y que siempre os vendrá bien echarle un vistazo)
Ahora ya podéis pinchar aquí y hacer este ejercicio sobre cuantificadores.
Lo último que tenéis que repasar del primer tema son los nombres contables e incontables. Aquí tenéis una buena explicación gramatical, y aquí, y aquí tenéis dos ejercicios para rellenar huecos, y aquí y aquí dos páginas de ejercicios para traducir con nombres contables e incontables.
¿Os parece bien como primera entrada de gramática?
Pues vamos a por el tema 2.
sábado, 28 de marzo de 2020
TEMA 2 - PAST SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS AND USED TO
Recordad los usos del pasado simple y del pasado continuo.
Recordad que el único problemilla con el que os podéis encontrar es el de saber si tenéis que utilizar pasado simple o continuo. Para entrenar, aquí tenéis unas cuantas frases:
1. I lit the fire at 6.00 and it (burn) brightly when Tome came in at 7.00.
2. I (make) a cake when the light went out. I had to finish it in the dark.
3. He (watch) TV when the phone rang. Very unwillingly he (turn) down the sound and (go) to answer it.
4. When I arrived she (have) lunch. She apologized for starting without me but said that she always (lunch) at 12.30.
5. He always (wear) a raincoat and (carry) an umbrella when he walked to the office.
6. I (share) a flat with him when we were students. He always (complain) about my untidiness.
7. He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction.
8. I just (open) the letter when the wind (blow) it out of my hand.
9. When I (look) for my passport I (find) this old photograph.
10. You looked very busy when I (see) you last night. What you (do)?
11. He (not allow) us to go out in the boat yesterday as a strong wind (blow).
12. When he (mend) the fuse he (get) a very bad shock.
13. When I (hear) his knock I (go) to the door and (open) it, but I (not recognize) him at first because I (not wear) my glasses.
14. While the guests (dance) thieves (break) into the house and (steal) a lot of fur coats.
15. She was very extravagant. She always (buy) herself new clothes.
16. When I (look) through your books I (notice) that you have a copy of Murder in the Cathedral.
17. As they (walk) along the road they (hear) a car coming from behind them. Tom (turn) round and (hold) up his hand. The car (stop).
18. When I (arrive) at the station Mary (wait) for me. She (wear) a blue dress and (look) very pretty. As soon as she (see) me she (wave) and (shout) something, but I couldn't hear what she (say) because everybody (make) such a noise.
19. The prisoner (escape) by climbing the wall of the garden where he (work). He (wear) blue overalls and black shoes.
20. She said that the car (travel) at 40 k.p.h. when it (begin) to skid.
21. I (be) sorry that I (have) to leave the party early, because I (enjoy) myself.
22. As we (come) here a policeman (stop) us. He (say) that he (look) for some stolen property and (ask) if he could search the car.
23. While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain. He (put) up his umbrella and (go) on watering.
24. I (find) this ring as I (dig) in the garden). It looks very old. I wonder who it (belong) to?
25. While I (swim) someone (steal) my clothes and I (have) to walk home in my swimsuit.
26. The men (say) that they (work) on the road outside my house and that they (want) some water to make tea.
27. He (say) that he (build) himself a house and that he (think) it would be ready in two years.
28. At 3.00 a.m. Mrs Pitt (wake) her husband and (say) that she (think) that someone (try) to get into the house.
29. Why you (lend) him that book? I still (read) it.
I'm sorry. I (not know) that you still (read) it.
30. I (come) in very late last night and unfortunately the dog (wake) up and (start) to bark. This (wake) my mother who (come) to the top of the stairs and (say), 'Who is there?'
I (say), 'It is me', but she (not hear) me because the dog (bark) so loudly, so she (go) back to her room and (telephone) the police.
Solo tenéis que recordar una cosa más: el uso de 'Used to' (ah, y no olvidéis que en las oraciones en negativa y en interrogativa used pierde la d).
El tema 2 es relativamente sencillo, como habéis visto.
Vamos a por el tema 3.
Recordad que el único problemilla con el que os podéis encontrar es el de saber si tenéis que utilizar pasado simple o continuo. Para entrenar, aquí tenéis unas cuantas frases:
1. I lit the fire at 6.00 and it (burn) brightly when Tome came in at 7.00.
2. I (make) a cake when the light went out. I had to finish it in the dark.
3. He (watch) TV when the phone rang. Very unwillingly he (turn) down the sound and (go) to answer it.
4. When I arrived she (have) lunch. She apologized for starting without me but said that she always (lunch) at 12.30.
5. He always (wear) a raincoat and (carry) an umbrella when he walked to the office.
6. I (share) a flat with him when we were students. He always (complain) about my untidiness.
7. He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction.
8. I just (open) the letter when the wind (blow) it out of my hand.
9. When I (look) for my passport I (find) this old photograph.
10. You looked very busy when I (see) you last night. What you (do)?
11. He (not allow) us to go out in the boat yesterday as a strong wind (blow).
12. When he (mend) the fuse he (get) a very bad shock.
13. When I (hear) his knock I (go) to the door and (open) it, but I (not recognize) him at first because I (not wear) my glasses.
14. While the guests (dance) thieves (break) into the house and (steal) a lot of fur coats.
15. She was very extravagant. She always (buy) herself new clothes.
16. When I (look) through your books I (notice) that you have a copy of Murder in the Cathedral.
17. As they (walk) along the road they (hear) a car coming from behind them. Tom (turn) round and (hold) up his hand. The car (stop).
18. When I (arrive) at the station Mary (wait) for me. She (wear) a blue dress and (look) very pretty. As soon as she (see) me she (wave) and (shout) something, but I couldn't hear what she (say) because everybody (make) such a noise.
19. The prisoner (escape) by climbing the wall of the garden where he (work). He (wear) blue overalls and black shoes.
20. She said that the car (travel) at 40 k.p.h. when it (begin) to skid.
21. I (be) sorry that I (have) to leave the party early, because I (enjoy) myself.
22. As we (come) here a policeman (stop) us. He (say) that he (look) for some stolen property and (ask) if he could search the car.
23. While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain. He (put) up his umbrella and (go) on watering.
24. I (find) this ring as I (dig) in the garden). It looks very old. I wonder who it (belong) to?
25. While I (swim) someone (steal) my clothes and I (have) to walk home in my swimsuit.
26. The men (say) that they (work) on the road outside my house and that they (want) some water to make tea.
27. He (say) that he (build) himself a house and that he (think) it would be ready in two years.
28. At 3.00 a.m. Mrs Pitt (wake) her husband and (say) that she (think) that someone (try) to get into the house.
29. Why you (lend) him that book? I still (read) it.
I'm sorry. I (not know) that you still (read) it.
30. I (come) in very late last night and unfortunately the dog (wake) up and (start) to bark. This (wake) my mother who (come) to the top of the stairs and (say), 'Who is there?'
I (say), 'It is me', but she (not hear) me because the dog (bark) so loudly, so she (go) back to her room and (telephone) the police.
Solo tenéis que recordar una cosa más: el uso de 'Used to' (ah, y no olvidéis que en las oraciones en negativa y en interrogativa used pierde la d).
El tema 2 es relativamente sencillo, como habéis visto.
Vamos a por el tema 3.
viernes, 27 de marzo de 2020
TEMA 3 - VOCABULARY: FUN AND GAMES
Primer tema de vocabulario que tenéis que empezar a manejar. En este caso, sobre diversión y juegos.
jueves, 26 de marzo de 2020
TEMA 4 - PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS
Vamos a empezar repasando los usos tanto del present perfect simple como del present perfect continuous.
Primero haréis un par de ejercicios para diferenciar entre un tiempo y otro.
Empezad con este para calentar.
Y ahora...la diversión!!!
1. This is my house.
How long you (live) here?
I (live) here since 1970.
2. He (live) in London for two years and then (go) to Edinburgh.
3. Shakespeare (write) a lot of plays.
4. My brother (write) several plays. He just (finish) his second tragedy.
5. I (not see) him for three years. I wonder where he is.
6. He (not smoke) for two weeks. he is trying to give it up.
7. We (walk) ten kilometres.
8. We (walk) for three hours.
9. I (sleep) on every bed in this house and I don't like any of them.
10. The students (work) very well this term.
11. I (grease) my car. That's why my hands are so dirty.
12. He (teach) in this school for five years.
13. I (teach) hundreds of students but I never (meet) such a hopeless class as this.
14. Why you (be) so long in the garage?
The tyres were flat; I (pump) them up.
15. I (look) for mushrooms but I (not find) any.
16. I (try) to finish this letter for the last half-hour. I wish you'd go away or stop talking.
17. It (rain) for two hours and the ground is too wet to play on, so the match (be) postponed.
18. He (hope) for a rise in salary for six months but he (not dare) to ask for it yet.
19. Mr Smith, you (whisper) to the student on your right for the last five minutes. You (help) him with his exam or he (help) you?
20. Why you (make) such a horrible noise?
I (lose) my key and I (try) to wake my wife by throwing stones at her window.
You (throw) stones at the wrong window. You live next door.
Y aquí tenéis otro ejercicio más para practicar el uso del presente perfecto simple o del continuo.
Sólo hay una cosa más que tenéis que tener en cuenta y que, para mí, supone el segundo obstáculo a superar después de aprender a diferenciar cuándo utilizar presente simple o continuo: cuándo utilizar presente perfecto o pasado simple.
Recordad lo que pone en el libro de B1:
Aquí tenéis un test de nivel B1 para preparar la diferencia entre los dos tiempos verbales.
Y ahora, por supuesto, frases para elegir el tiempo verbal. Ya sabéis: o presente perfecto o pasado simple.
1. He just (go) out.
2. He (go) out ten minutes ago.
3. You (have) breakfast yet?
Yes, I (have) it at 8.00.
4. It (be) very cold this year. I wonder when it is going to get warmer.
5. You (be) here before?
Yes, I (spend) my holidays here last year.
You (have) a good time?
No, it never (stop) raining.
6. Where is Tom?
I (not see) him today, but he (tell) Mary that he'd be in for dinner.
7. Where you (find) this knife?
I (find) it in the garden.
8. I (lose) my black gloves. You (see) them anywhere?
No, I'm afraid I...When you last (wear) them?
I (wear) them at the theatre last night.
Perhaps you (leave) them at the theatre.
9. I (not know) that you (know) Mrs Pitt. How long you (know) her?
I (know) her for ten years.
10. You ever (try) to give up smoking?
Yes, I (try) last year, but then I (find) that I was getting fat so I (start) again.
11. Mary (feed) the cat?
Yes, she (feed) him before lunch.
What she (give) him?
She (give) him some fish.
12. I (not see) your aunt recently.
No, She (not be) out of her house since she (buy) her colour TV.
13. Where you (be)?
I (be) out in a yacht.
You (enjoy) it?
Yes, very much. We (take) part in a race.
You (win)?
No, we (come) in last.
14. How long that horrible monument (be) there?
It (be) there six months. Lots of people (write) to the Town Council asking them to take it away but so far nothing (be) done.
15. She (say) that she'd phone me this morning, but it is now 12.30 and she (not phone) yet.
16. How long you (be) out of work?
I'm not out of work now. I just (start) a new job.
How you (find) the job?
I (answer) an advertisement in the paper.
17. What are all those people looking at?
There (be) an accident.
You (see) what happened?
Yes, a motor cycle (run) into a lorry.
18. I (phone) you twice yesterday and (get) no answer.
19. Originally horses used in bull fights (not wear) any protection, but for some time now they (wear) special padding.
20. That house (be) empty for a year. But they just (take) down the 'For Sale' sign, so I suppose someone (buy) it.
Ahora vamos a por el tema 5...alguna vez tenía que llegar. 😉
Primero haréis un par de ejercicios para diferenciar entre un tiempo y otro.
Empezad con este para calentar.
Y ahora...la diversión!!!
1. This is my house.
How long you (live) here?
I (live) here since 1970.
2. He (live) in London for two years and then (go) to Edinburgh.
3. Shakespeare (write) a lot of plays.
4. My brother (write) several plays. He just (finish) his second tragedy.
5. I (not see) him for three years. I wonder where he is.
6. He (not smoke) for two weeks. he is trying to give it up.
7. We (walk) ten kilometres.
8. We (walk) for three hours.
9. I (sleep) on every bed in this house and I don't like any of them.
10. The students (work) very well this term.
11. I (grease) my car. That's why my hands are so dirty.
12. He (teach) in this school for five years.
13. I (teach) hundreds of students but I never (meet) such a hopeless class as this.
14. Why you (be) so long in the garage?
The tyres were flat; I (pump) them up.
15. I (look) for mushrooms but I (not find) any.
16. I (try) to finish this letter for the last half-hour. I wish you'd go away or stop talking.
17. It (rain) for two hours and the ground is too wet to play on, so the match (be) postponed.
18. He (hope) for a rise in salary for six months but he (not dare) to ask for it yet.
19. Mr Smith, you (whisper) to the student on your right for the last five minutes. You (help) him with his exam or he (help) you?
20. Why you (make) such a horrible noise?
I (lose) my key and I (try) to wake my wife by throwing stones at her window.
You (throw) stones at the wrong window. You live next door.
Y aquí tenéis otro ejercicio más para practicar el uso del presente perfecto simple o del continuo.
Sólo hay una cosa más que tenéis que tener en cuenta y que, para mí, supone el segundo obstáculo a superar después de aprender a diferenciar cuándo utilizar presente simple o continuo: cuándo utilizar presente perfecto o pasado simple.
Recordad lo que pone en el libro de B1:
Aquí tenéis un test de nivel B1 para preparar la diferencia entre los dos tiempos verbales.
Y ahora, por supuesto, frases para elegir el tiempo verbal. Ya sabéis: o presente perfecto o pasado simple.
1. He just (go) out.
2. He (go) out ten minutes ago.
3. You (have) breakfast yet?
Yes, I (have) it at 8.00.
4. It (be) very cold this year. I wonder when it is going to get warmer.
5. You (be) here before?
Yes, I (spend) my holidays here last year.
You (have) a good time?
No, it never (stop) raining.
6. Where is Tom?
I (not see) him today, but he (tell) Mary that he'd be in for dinner.
7. Where you (find) this knife?
I (find) it in the garden.
8. I (lose) my black gloves. You (see) them anywhere?
No, I'm afraid I...When you last (wear) them?
I (wear) them at the theatre last night.
Perhaps you (leave) them at the theatre.
9. I (not know) that you (know) Mrs Pitt. How long you (know) her?
I (know) her for ten years.
10. You ever (try) to give up smoking?
Yes, I (try) last year, but then I (find) that I was getting fat so I (start) again.
11. Mary (feed) the cat?
Yes, she (feed) him before lunch.
What she (give) him?
She (give) him some fish.
12. I (not see) your aunt recently.
No, She (not be) out of her house since she (buy) her colour TV.
13. Where you (be)?
I (be) out in a yacht.
You (enjoy) it?
Yes, very much. We (take) part in a race.
You (win)?
No, we (come) in last.
14. How long that horrible monument (be) there?
It (be) there six months. Lots of people (write) to the Town Council asking them to take it away but so far nothing (be) done.
15. She (say) that she'd phone me this morning, but it is now 12.30 and she (not phone) yet.
16. How long you (be) out of work?
I'm not out of work now. I just (start) a new job.
How you (find) the job?
I (answer) an advertisement in the paper.
17. What are all those people looking at?
There (be) an accident.
You (see) what happened?
Yes, a motor cycle (run) into a lorry.
18. I (phone) you twice yesterday and (get) no answer.
19. Originally horses used in bull fights (not wear) any protection, but for some time now they (wear) special padding.
20. That house (be) empty for a year. But they just (take) down the 'For Sale' sign, so I suppose someone (buy) it.
Ahora vamos a por el tema 5...alguna vez tenía que llegar. 😉
miércoles, 25 de marzo de 2020
TEMA 5 - VERBS FOLLOWED BY 'TO' OR '-ING'
Este es uno de los temas más folloneros, ya que las listas de verbos que rigen infinitivo con to o gerundio hay que aprendérselas de memoria. Pero ¿cómo hacerlo sin desesperarse? Intentad utilizar los verbos todo lo que podáis con ejemplos; es decir, repetid hasta conseguir interiorizar el uso de estos verbos.
Esta primera lista es la de los verbos que rigen gerundio:
- admit (admitir)
- avoid (evitar)
- dislike (no gustarte)
- fancy / feel like (apetecer)
- imagine (imaginar)
- mention (mencionar)
- mind (importar)
- miss (echar de menos)
- practise (prcticar)
- put off (aplazar, posponer)
- suggest (sugerir)
Aquí tenéis una lista de verbos que rigen infinitivo con to:
- afford
- agree (estar de acuerdo / acordar)
- appear (parecer / aparecer)
- attempt (intentar)
- begin (empezar)
- decide (decidir)
- demand (pedir)
- expect
- fail (fracasar)
- hope (esperar)
- intend (querer / tener intención de)
- learn (aprender)
- manage (apañárselas para hacer algo / conseguir)
- offer (ofrecerse a)
- plan (planear)
- pretend (dar a entender)
- promise (prometer)
- refuse (negarse)
- seem (parecer)
- want (querer)
- would like (gustaría)
Y el pequeño problema viene cuando hay verbos que pueden ir seguidos de infinitivo con to o de gerundio dependiendo de lo que queramos decir. Estos son los verbos con los que hay que tener cuidado.
Para empezar a practicar, aquí tenéis un ejercicio. Aquí tenéis otro. Y aquí, uno más.
La segunda parte del tema es otro de los quebraderos de cabeza de quienes estudiamos inglés: los phrasal verbs.
La primera pregunta es: ¿qué es un 'phrasal verb'? Pues lo que tenéis que saber es que son verbos a los que se les añade una partícula y cambia el significado original del verbo; el ejemplo que siempre os he puesto es 'look', que significa 'mirar', pero 'look for' es buscar.
Los tres principales tipos de phrasal verbs que hay son:- verbo + adverbio + objeto: He pickep up his coat.
- verbo + adverbio (sin objeto): The plane took off.
- Verbo + adverbio + preposición + objeto: I got on with my work.
Aquí tenéis una lista de 25 phrasal verbs que con más frecuencia aparecen en los exámenes de B1:
1. Be about to.
To be going to happen or do something very soon.
Traducción: estar a punto de (hacer o pasar algo).
"When we arrived the ceremony was about to begin".
2. Be out of.
To lack or be short of something.
Traducción: quedarse sin.
"We are out of onions for supper! Can you go to the shop and get some?"
3. Be over.
To be ended, finished.
Traducción: finalizarse, acabarse.
"In two hours the exam will be over, and we finally get some rest".
4. Blow up.
To explode.
Traducción: estallar.
"The police arrived before the bomb blew up, and no one was hurt".
5. Break down.
To stop working.
Traducción: dejar de funcionar, averiarse.
"The car broke down only 20km away from their destination".
6. Carry on.
To continue.
Traducción: seguir, continuar.
"Please, carry on working on your essays".
7. Carry out.
To perform.
Traducción: llevar a cabo.
"The hospital is carrying out tests to find out what's wrong with her".
8. Come back.
To return.
Traducción: regresar.
"We decided to come back to Scotland for another holiday".
9. Come in.
To enter.
Traducción: entrar.
"Everybody turned their eyes towards her as she came in the room".
10. Come up.
To occur; to happen unexpectedly.
Traducción: surgir.
"A problem came up and I had to stay at work until late".
11. Cut down on.
To reduce; to decrease.
Traducción: reducir.
"Tom tried to cut down on his expenses".
12. Die out.
To extinguish.
Traducción: extinguirse; apagarse.
"Some people think that the Condor might die out in the next decades".
13. Do without.
To succeed in living or working without someone or something.
Traducción: apañárselas sin algo o alguien.
"There's no more milk, so I guess we'll just have to do without".
14. Find out.
To discvor; to learn a fact.
Traducción: averiguar, descubrir.
"He was fired after his company found out the truth about his sick leave".
15. Get off.
To leave a bus, a plane or a train.
Traducción: bajarse de un vehículo.
"Remember to take all your personal items before you get off the bus".
16. Get on.
To get into a bus, a plane or a train.
Traducción: subirse a un vehículo.
"I turned off my mobile phone before I got on the plane".
17. Get up.
To get out of bed after sleeping.
Traducción: levantarse de la cama.
"What time do you usually get up in the morning?"
18. Hang on.
To wait while talking on the phone.
Traducción: esperar.
"Hang on a minute. I'll call Laura".
19. Look after.
To take care of someone or something and make certain that they have everything they need.
Traducción: cuidar.
"It's hardwork looking after three children all day".
20. Look for.
To search for someone or something.
Traducción: buscar.
"I'm looking for Jim. Have you seen him?"
21. Look forward to.
To feel happy and excited about something that is going to happen.
Traducción: tener ganas de que algo pase.
"I'm really looking forward to my holiday".
22. Make up.
To put make up on oneself; to invent a lie; to be reconciled.
Traducción: maquillarse; inventarse algo; reconciliarse.
"They were angry with each other, but they made up yesterday".
23. Put off.
To postpone.
Traducción: retrasar algo, posponerlo.
"The wedding has been put off until November".
24. Take off.
To leave the ground and start flying.
Traducción: despegar.
"The plane took off ten minutes after the last passenger had sat down".
25. Turn out.
To be present / attend; to conclude.
Traducción: presentarse; resultar.
"Jessica turned out to be an old friend of my cousin".
La lista, por supuesto, puede ser más extensa:
Ask for - pedir
Break up with - romper con
Bring up - criar
Bump into someone - Toparse con alguien
Call back - devolver la llamada, volver a llamar
Check in - facturar
Come across - encontrarse con
Fall out with - pelearse, discutir con
Fill in - rellenar
Get in touch - ponerse en contacto
Get into - entrar, subirse (a un coche)
Get on (well) with [somebody] - llevarse bien con [alguien]
Get over - recuperarse, superar
Give away - regalar, dar
Give back - devolver
Give up - dejar de hacer, rendirse
Grow up - crecer en todo (física, mentalmente...)
Go back - regresar
Hang up - tender, colgar
Log on - conectarse a internet
Look up - buscar en un diccionario o en un libro
Move in - mudarse
Point out - señalar
Put on (weight) - coger peso
Put on (clothes) - ponerse ropa
Read out - leer en voz alta
Run away - huir
Save up - ahorrar
Set up - montar, empezar un proyecto
Sort out - arreglar, solucionar
Take up - empezar una actividad
Set off - empezar un viaje
Pass away - fallecer
Pick someone up - recoger a alguien
Plug in - enchufar
Turn up - aparecer, llegar, presentarse
Warm up - calentar
Tidy up - ordenar
Take back - devolver
Take off (clothes) - quitarse ropa
Tell off - regañar
Throw away - tirar, deshacerse de
Try on - probarse
Turn over - dar la vuelta
Work out - calcular, resolver, lograr entender
Write down - apuntar
Sí, todos nos hemos vuelto locos cuando hemos visto las listas de phrasal verbs. Lo que no deberíais hacer nunca es intentar aprenderos esta lista, o cualquier otra, de memoria. La única solución es ir utilizándolos poco a poco.
Lo primero que tenéis que hacer es familiarizaros con ellos, de aquí a nada empezaremos a hacer ejercicios con phrasal verbs.
martes, 24 de marzo de 2020
lunes, 23 de marzo de 2020
TEMA 7 - COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
Este es un tema que debéis tener más que controlado. Sólo se ampliará un poco más la información que ya conocéis con la gradación que podéis hacer de los comparativos.
Recordad que la teoría es, básicamente, ésta:
No olvidéis nunca los comparativos y superlativos irregulares:
Además, tenéis que tener en cuenta que, para intensificar una comparación podemos utilizar a bit, a little, much, far y a lot; solo hay que colocarlos delante de la comparación y podremos intensificarla más o menos.
Pues aquí, aquí y aquí tenéis algunos ejercicios para comprobar que no tenéis esta parte oxidada. (Como podréis comprobar, en el último enlace, después de los ejercicios con los que os encontráis, tenéis nueve páginas más de ejercicios)
domingo, 22 de marzo de 2020
TEMA 8 - MODALES DE HABILIDAD, POSIBILIDAD, OBLIGACIÓN Y PROHIBICIÓN & ADJETIVOS TERMINADOS EN -ED Y EN -ING
Esto también lleváis mucho tiempo viéndolo, así que lo que tenéis aquí debería serviros para repasar conocimientos.
MODALES PARA HABLAR DE POSIBILIDAD O HABILIDAD.
·Para decir que alguien tiene (o no tiene) una habilidad, utilizamos can, can´t, could y couldn't.
·Para expresar una posibilidad en el presente o en el futuro, utilizamos may, might o could. En negativo, además, usamos may not o might not (nunca can't o couldn't, que implican una certeza).
MODALES PARA HABLAR DE OBLIGACIONES O PROHIBICIONES.
.Para darle un consejo a alguien, usamos should y, con menor frecuencia, ought to.
·Para expresar una obligación, utilizamos must y have to. (must→interior; have to→exterior).
·Para expresar prohibición, usamos mustn't.
Una lista básica de adjetivos que terminan en -ed y en -ing, podría ser la siguiente:
amused/amusing
annoyed/annoying
disappointed/disappointing
bored/boring
relaxed/relaxing
surprised/surprising
tired/tiring
depressed/depressing
embarrased/embarrasing
interested/interesting
amazed/amazing
excited/exciting
disgusted/disgusting
satisfied/satisfying
MODALES PARA HABLAR DE POSIBILIDAD O HABILIDAD.
·Para decir que alguien tiene (o no tiene) una habilidad, utilizamos can, can´t, could y couldn't.
·Para expresar una posibilidad en el presente o en el futuro, utilizamos may, might o could. En negativo, además, usamos may not o might not (nunca can't o couldn't, que implican una certeza).
MODALES PARA HABLAR DE OBLIGACIONES O PROHIBICIONES.
.Para darle un consejo a alguien, usamos should y, con menor frecuencia, ought to.
·Para expresar una obligación, utilizamos must y have to. (must→interior; have to→exterior).
·Para expresar prohibición, usamos mustn't.
Nunca se utiliza mustn't en pasado; para hablar de prohibiciones en el pasado se utiliza not allowed to; y para hablar de algo que no era necesario en pasado, se utiliza didn't have to.
Y para decir que no hay obligación, o que algo no es necesario, utilizamos don't have to, don't need to o needn't.
Hala, a hacer ejercicios. Aquí tenéis un ejercicio con los modales de habilidad. Aquí, con los modales de obligación. Y aquí los tenéis juntos y revueltos.
ADJETIVOS TERMINADOS EN -ED Y EN -ING.
Recordad como regla mnemotécnica que si el adjetivo termina en -ed se traduce como 'estar'; en cambio, si el adjetivo termina en -ing, se traduce como 'ser'. P.e. He's bored = Él está aburrido; He's boring = Él es aburrido.
Una lista básica de adjetivos que terminan en -ed y en -ing, podría ser la siguiente:
amused/amusing
annoyed/annoying
disappointed/disappointing
bored/boring
relaxed/relaxing
surprised/surprising
tired/tiring
depressed/depressing
embarrased/embarrasing
interested/interesting
amazed/amazing
excited/exciting
disgusted/disgusting
satisfied/satisfying
sábado, 21 de marzo de 2020
viernes, 20 de marzo de 2020
TEMA 10 - WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE FUTURE
Recordad que hay cuatro maneras de expresar el futuro en inglés:
1- Futuro Simple.
2- Going to.
3- Presente Continuo.
4- Presente Simple.
En algunos casos, más de una forma verbal es posible:
Y haced lo que podáis de aquí.
1- Futuro Simple.
- Cuando las cosas no son seguras, especialmente con I think, I hope, I expect, probably and maybe.
- Cuando hacemos predicciones sobre el futuro.
- Para hacer peticiones, promesas, ofrecimientos o para expresar una decisión tomada en el mismo momento en el que se está hablando.
2- Going to.
- Cuando hacemos predicciones para el futuro basados en evidencias actuales.
- Para planes futuros e intenciones.
3- Presente Continuo.
- Para citas acordadas entre personas para futuros cercanos.
4- Presente Simple.
- Para hechos fijos a un horario.
En algunos casos, más de una forma verbal es posible:
-en la práctica, una cita acordada (para la que utilizaríamos un presente continuo) puede ser casi exactamente lo mismo que un plan (en el que utilizaríamos going to).
-si no está claro si una predicción está basada en hechos (donde utilizaríamos going to) o en una opinión personal (donde utilizaríamos will), podemos utilizar cualquiera de las dos.
Aquí, aquí, aquí, aquí y aquí podéis entrenar con will/going to, que es la primera distinción de futuros con la que todo el mundo tiene problemas.
Y haced lo que podáis de aquí.
jueves, 19 de marzo de 2020
TEMA 11- PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT, TOO & ENOUGH, AND EXTREMELY, FAIRLY, QUITE, RATHER, REALLY AND VERY.
PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT
·Para decir cómo viajamos, generalmente utilizamos by.
-En este grupo incluimos by car, by plane, by ship, by boat, by ferry.
-También decimos by road, by sea, by air, by rail, by metro, by underground.
-Pero hay que tener cuidado porque se dice on foot, noby foot.
-No utilizamos by con a, the, her, etc. Decimos in a taxi, on the plane, on her bike...
·Para hablar de coches y taxis utilizamos in. I decided not to go in my car.
-Con get, y algunas veces con otros verbos como jump o climb, utilizamos in/into y out of. Two people got into the taxi. Sofia jumped into her car and set off quickly.
·Para hablar del transporte público, de motos, bicicletas y caballos, utilizamos on. I usually go to school on my bike.
-Se utiliza on/onto o off con get. You get on the bus at the station, and get off at the shopping centre.
TOO & ENOUGH
Too e enough se utilizan para expresar que hay suficiente o demasiado de una cantidad. Los podemos encontrar cuantificando a adverbios, adjetivos y también a nombres. Aparte del uso como determinante de cantidad, pueden funcionar solos aplicando su significado a toda la frase.
EXTREMELY, FAIRLY, QUITE, RATHER, REALLY, VERY
El uso de los adverbios very, extremely y really nos sirve para enfatizar los adjetivos a los que acompañan.
It was a long journey.
It was a very long journey.
It was an extremely long journey.
Para hacer más débil el significado de un adjetivo podemos utilizar rather o fairly.
Their apartment is fairly big (big, but not huge).
Recordad que hay adjetivos graduables (good, tired, etc.) y adjetivos no graduables.
Con los adjetivos graduables, podemos utilizar quite para debilitar el significado del adjetivo al que acompaña, pero con los no graduables quite significa completamente.
The town I live in is quite small.
I'm quite sure it's the right answer.
·Para decir cómo viajamos, generalmente utilizamos by.
-En este grupo incluimos by car, by plane, by ship, by boat, by ferry.
-También decimos by road, by sea, by air, by rail, by metro, by underground.
-Pero hay que tener cuidado porque se dice on foot, no
-No utilizamos by con a, the, her, etc. Decimos in a taxi, on the plane, on her bike...
·Para hablar de coches y taxis utilizamos in. I decided not to go in my car.
-Con get, y algunas veces con otros verbos como jump o climb, utilizamos in/into y out of. Two people got into the taxi. Sofia jumped into her car and set off quickly.
·Para hablar del transporte público, de motos, bicicletas y caballos, utilizamos on. I usually go to school on my bike.
-Se utiliza on/onto o off con get. You get on the bus at the station, and get off at the shopping centre.
TOO & ENOUGH
Too e enough se utilizan para expresar que hay suficiente o demasiado de una cantidad. Los podemos encontrar cuantificando a adverbios, adjetivos y también a nombres. Aparte del uso como determinante de cantidad, pueden funcionar solos aplicando su significado a toda la frase.
Enough significa suficiente. Se usa con adjetivos, adverbios o nombres:
- Detrás de adjetivos:
You are old enough to go to school on your own. – Eres lo suficiente mayor para ir al colegio solo.
I think she is strong enough to get over this. – Creo que ella es lo suficiente fuerte como para superar esto. - Detrás de adverbios:
I am not well enough today. I’m still feeling bad. – No estoy suficientemente bien hoy. Aún me siento mal. - Delante de nombres:
I don’t have enough space in my house. – No tengo espacio suficiente en casa.
Cuando hablamos de too hablamos de una palabra de la clase de los adverbios. Significa demasiado.
- Con adjetivos o adverbios:
You are too old to know this – Eres demasiado mayor como para saber esto.
I don’t like to wake up too early. – No me gusta levantarme demasiado temprano.
EXTREMELY, FAIRLY, QUITE, RATHER, REALLY, VERY
El uso de los adverbios very, extremely y really nos sirve para enfatizar los adjetivos a los que acompañan.
It was a long journey.
It was a very long journey.
It was an extremely long journey.
Para hacer más débil el significado de un adjetivo podemos utilizar rather o fairly.
Their apartment is fairly big (big, but not huge).
Recordad que hay adjetivos graduables (good, tired, etc.) y adjetivos no graduables.
Con los adjetivos graduables, podemos utilizar quite para debilitar el significado del adjetivo al que acompaña, pero con los no graduables quite significa completamente.
The town I live in is quite small.
I'm quite sure it's the right answer.
miércoles, 18 de marzo de 2020
martes, 17 de marzo de 2020
TEMA 13 - ZERO, FIRST & SECOND CONDITIONALS
Las condicionales se utilizan para hablar sobre situaciones o acciones posibles y los posibles resultados de estas situaciones o acciones:
If it rains, I'll get wet.También se puede expresar primero el resultado antes de describir la situación:
I'll get wet if it rains.
Los condicionales se suelen dividir por tipos.
Tipo 0 o Zero conditional.
Se usa para hablar de cosas que siempre, o generalmente, son verdad.
If our team wins a match, our coach is happy.
If + present tense / present tense.
Tipo 1 o First conditional.
El primer condicional se utiliza para hablar de una posibilidad real en el futuro.
If our team wins this match, we'll win the competition.
If + present tense / future.
Tipo 2 o Second conditional.
El segundo condicional se usa cuando quien habla imagina una situación que probablemente no ocurrirá.
If our team won all the matches, we'd be the champions.If + past tense / would + infinitive
En este segundo condicional hay que tener en cuenta que el verbo de la cláusula de if se pone en pasado en inglés aunque en castellano utilicemos el presente de subjuntivo.
Para decidir si utilizar el primero o el segundo condicional tan solo hay que plantearse si la situación de la que hablamos es una posibilidad real o no.
If it rains at the weekend, I'll go to the cinema.
If it rained in the desert, plants would grow.
Y ahora, una serie de frases para poner los verbos en su tiempo correspondiente:
1. If you pass your examination we (have) a celebration.
2. What (happen) if I press this button?
3. If you go to Paris where you (stay)?
4. If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you (choose)?
5. Someone (sit) on your glasses if you leave them there.
6. You would play better bridge if you (not talk) so much.
7. What I (do) if I hear the burglar alarm?
8. We'll have a long way to walk if we (run) out of petrol here.
9. I'll probably get lost unless he (come) with me.
10. You (not have) so many accidents if you drove more slowly.
11. You'll get pneumonia if you (not change) your wet clothes.
12. She (be able) to walk faster if her shoes hadn't such high heels.
13. I (not buy) things on the instalment system if I were you.
14. You (not be) any use to me unless you learn to type.
15. If anyone attacked me, my dog (jump) at his throat.
lunes, 16 de marzo de 2020
TEMA 14 - WHEN, IF, UNLESS + PRESENT, FUTURE & SO DO I - NOR/NEITHER DO I
WHEN, IF, UNLESS + PRESENT, FUTURE
Podemos utilizar when, if o unless para hablar sobre la posibilidad de que algo suceda en el futuro:
·Utilizaremos when para hablar de cosas que estamos seguros que ocurrirán.
When I get home, I'll watch TV.
·Utilizaremos if para hablar de cosas que pueden ocurrir.
If I get home before 8 pm, I'll watch the film.
·Unless puede sustituir generalmente a if...not y significa excepto si, a menos que...
I'll watch de film unless I get home too late.
SO DO I - NOR/NEITHER DO I
Usamos las expresiones So do I y Nor/Neither do I cuando queremos contestar a alguien diciendo que también o que tampoco y no utilizando todas las palabras que esa otra persona ha utilizado.
Someone says: You answer:
I'm bored. So am I.
I've got lots of cousins. So have I.
Maya plays the guitar. So does Lou.
We don't like rock music. Neither/Nor do they.
You can sing well. So can you.
They bought that new CD. So did I.
Josh hasn't done his homework. Neither/Nor have I.
Utilizamos:
· so en frases afirmativas. 'I live in Japan'. 'So do I'.
· nor o neither en frases negativas. 'James can´t swim well.' 'Nor/Neither can Matt.'
· si hay un verbo auxiliar en la primera frase, nosotros también lo utilizamos en la contestación.
'I've studied for the exam.' 'So have I.'
'Callum isn't here.' 'Nor/neither is Hamish.'
·Si no hay verbo auxiliar, utilizamos do o did.
'He goes to King William's School.' 'So does Kate.'
'I didn't watch TV last night.' 'Nor/Neither did I.'
Podemos utilizar when, if o unless para hablar sobre la posibilidad de que algo suceda en el futuro:
·Utilizaremos when para hablar de cosas que estamos seguros que ocurrirán.
When I get home, I'll watch TV.
·Utilizaremos if para hablar de cosas que pueden ocurrir.
If I get home before 8 pm, I'll watch the film.
·Unless puede sustituir generalmente a if...not y significa excepto si, a menos que...
I'll watch de film unless I get home too late.
SO DO I - NOR/NEITHER DO I
Usamos las expresiones So do I y Nor/Neither do I cuando queremos contestar a alguien diciendo que también o que tampoco y no utilizando todas las palabras que esa otra persona ha utilizado.
Someone says: You answer:
I'm bored. So am I.
I've got lots of cousins. So have I.
Maya plays the guitar. So does Lou.
We don't like rock music. Neither/Nor do they.
You can sing well. So can you.
They bought that new CD. So did I.
Josh hasn't done his homework. Neither/Nor have I.
Utilizamos:
· so en frases afirmativas. 'I live in Japan'. 'So do I'.
· nor o neither en frases negativas. 'James can´t swim well.' 'Nor/Neither can Matt.'
· si hay un verbo auxiliar en la primera frase, nosotros también lo utilizamos en la contestación.
'I've studied for the exam.' 'So have I.'
'Callum isn't here.' 'Nor/neither is Hamish.'
·Si no hay verbo auxiliar, utilizamos do o did.
'He goes to King William's School.' 'So does Kate.'
'I didn't watch TV last night.' 'Nor/Neither did I.'
domingo, 15 de marzo de 2020
sábado, 14 de marzo de 2020
TEMA 16 - DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (Oraciones de relativo especificativas)
Pronombres relativos:
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (Oraciones de relativo explicativas)
Ejemplos:
Expresiones introductorias en oraciones de relativo explicativas:
Ejemplos:
Uso de 'which' para referirse a una oración.
Ejemplos:
Aquí tenéis un ejercicio que siempre suele volver loco a todo el mundo: se trata de unir dos frases utilizando un relativo y decidir si al unirlas se convierte en una defining o en una non-defining. Algunas veces se os dará el comienzo de la frase resultante. (Ah, si hace falta llevar a cabo algún cambio para que la frase resultante tenga sentido, no dudéis en hacerlo).
1. She was dancing with a student. He had a slight limp.
2. I am looking after some children. They are terrible spoilt.
3. Romeo and Juliet were lovers. Their parents hated each other.
4. This is Mrs Jones. Her son won the championship last year.
5. I was sitting in a chair. It suddenly collapsed. (The chair...)
6. Mr Smith said he was too busy to speak to me. I had come specially to see him.
7. This is the story of a man. His wife suddenly loses her memory.
8. The car crashed into a queue of people. Four of them were killed.
9. The roads were crowded with refugees. Many of them were wounded.
10. The firm is sending me to New York. I work for this firm. (The firm...)
11. The Smiths were given rooms in the hotel. Their house had been destroyed in the explosion.
12. I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable.
13. He wanted to come at 2 a.m. This didn't suit me at all.
14. This is a story of a group of boys. Their plane crashed on an uninhabited island.
15. He introduced me to his students. Most of them were from abroad.
16. I was given this address by a man. I met this man on a train.
17. The bar wa so noisy that I couldn't hear the person at the other end of the line. I was telephoning from this bar.
18. A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out.
19. Tom had been driving all day. He was tired and wanted to stop.
20. She said that the men were thieves. This turned out to be true.
21. I met Mary. She asked me to give you this.
22. He paid me 5€ for cleaning ten windows. Most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.
Como su propio nombre indica, las 'defining relative clauses' ofrecen información esencial para definir o identificar a la persona o cosa de la que estamos hablando. Por ejemplo, veamos la siguiente oración: "Dogs that like cats are very unusual". En esta oración entendemos que hay muchos perros en el mundo, pero solo nos estamos refiriendo a aquellos a los que les gustan los gatos. La proposición relativa especificativa nos ofrece dicha información. Si eliminamos esta proposición relativa, la oración principal seguiría siendo gramaticalmente correcta pero su significado variaría de manera considerable.
Las 'defining relative clauses' están compuestas por un pronombre relativo (que a veces se omite), un verbo y otros elementos opcionales. No se utilizan comas para separar la proposición relativa especificativa del resto de la oración.
Ejemplos:
- Children who hate chocolate are uncommon.
- They live in a house whose roof is full of holes.
- An elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries.
- Let's go to a country where the sun always shines.
- The reason why I came here today is not important.
Pronombres relativos:
Los siguientes pronombres relativos se utilizan en las proposiciones relativas especificativas. Se colocan al principio de la oración de relativo y hacen referencia a un nombre que los precede en la oración principal.
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (Oraciones de relativo explicativas)
Como su propio nombre indica, las 'non-defining relative clauses' nos dan información adicional acerca de algo o alguien, pero esa información no nos ayuda a especificar. Veamos una oración: "Gorillas, which are large and originate in Africa, can sometimes be found in zoos". En esta oración hablamos de todos los gorilas, no de un grupo específico de ellos. La información de la proposición relativa explicativa nos aporta más datos sobre los gorilas en general; no define un subconjunto de esa población ni a un gorila específico. Si eliminamos esta proposición relativa explicativa, la oración sigue siendo gramaticalmente correcta y el significado no varía, aunque contemos con menos datos.
Las 'non-defining relative clauses' están compuestas por un pronombre relativo, un verbo y otros elementos opcionales. Siempre se emplean comas para delimitar las oraciones de relativo no especificativas y separarlas del resto de la oración principal.
Ejemplos:
- John's mother, who lives in Scotland, has 6 grandchildren.
- My friend John, who went to the same school as me, has just written a best-selling novel.
- My grandmother, who is dead now, came from the North of England.
- We stopped at the museum, which we had never visited before.
- I've just come back from London, where John lives.
- Yesterday I met a woman named Susan, whose husband works in London.
Pronombres relativos:
Los siguientes pronombres relativos se utilizan en las proposiciones relativas explicativas. Estos pronombres relativos aparecen al principio de la oración de relativo y hacen referencia a un nombre que los precede en la oración principal.
En las proposiciones relativas especificativas, 'who', 'whom' y 'which' suelen sustituirse por 'that' en el inglés hablado. Sin embargo, en las subordinadas relativas explicativas no es posible reemplazar otros pronombres con 'that'. Además, las oraciones de relativo explicativas siempre se separan del resto de la oración principal mediante comas, mientras que las oraciones de relativo especificativas no están delimitadas por signos de puntuación.
- He gave me the letter, which was in a blue envelope. (proposición explicativa: había solo una carta y estaba en un sobre azul. Es necesario emplear 'which').
- He gave me the letter which/that was in a blue envelope. (proposición especificativa: había varias cartas y me dio una, la que estaba en el sobre azul. 'Which' puede intercambiarse por 'that'. Las comas desaparecen).
Expresiones introductorias en oraciones de relativo explicativas:
Las proposiciones relativas explicativas pueden ir introducidas por expresiones cuantificadoras como 'all of' o 'many of', seguidas del pronombre relativo.
Ejemplos:
- There were a lot of people at the party, many of whom I had known for years.
- There are 14 girls in my classroom, a few of whom are my friends.
- He was carrying his belongings, many of which were broken.
- He had thousands of books, most of which he had read.
- He picked up a handful of stones, one of which was sharp.
Uso de 'which' para referirse a una oración.
El pronombre relativo 'which' al principio de una proposición relativa explicativa puede referirse a toda la información recogida en la oración precedente, en lugar de a un solo término.
- Chris did really well in his exams, which is quite a surprise.
- My friends were all hiding in my apartment, which isn't what I'd expected.
- She's studying to become a doctor, which is difficult.
Aquí tenéis un ejercicio que siempre suele volver loco a todo el mundo: se trata de unir dos frases utilizando un relativo y decidir si al unirlas se convierte en una defining o en una non-defining. Algunas veces se os dará el comienzo de la frase resultante. (Ah, si hace falta llevar a cabo algún cambio para que la frase resultante tenga sentido, no dudéis en hacerlo).
1. She was dancing with a student. He had a slight limp.
2. I am looking after some children. They are terrible spoilt.
3. Romeo and Juliet were lovers. Their parents hated each other.
4. This is Mrs Jones. Her son won the championship last year.
5. I was sitting in a chair. It suddenly collapsed. (The chair...)
6. Mr Smith said he was too busy to speak to me. I had come specially to see him.
7. This is the story of a man. His wife suddenly loses her memory.
8. The car crashed into a queue of people. Four of them were killed.
9. The roads were crowded with refugees. Many of them were wounded.
10. The firm is sending me to New York. I work for this firm. (The firm...)
11. The Smiths were given rooms in the hotel. Their house had been destroyed in the explosion.
12. I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable.
13. He wanted to come at 2 a.m. This didn't suit me at all.
14. This is a story of a group of boys. Their plane crashed on an uninhabited island.
15. He introduced me to his students. Most of them were from abroad.
16. I was given this address by a man. I met this man on a train.
17. The bar wa so noisy that I couldn't hear the person at the other end of the line. I was telephoning from this bar.
18. A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out.
19. Tom had been driving all day. He was tired and wanted to stop.
20. She said that the men were thieves. This turned out to be true.
21. I met Mary. She asked me to give you this.
22. He paid me 5€ for cleaning ten windows. Most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.
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